Magic mushroom side effect7/24/2023 ![]() Serotonin receptors are the target of multiple recreational and pharmaceutical drugs such as hallucinogens, empathogens, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiemetics, antimigraine agents and anorectics. These 5-HT receptors are also located in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors mediate emotions and moods such as anxiety and aggression, cognition, sex, learning memory, appetite along with other biological, neurological and neuropsychiatric processes. Ĭlassic psychedelic (serotonergic) drugs interact with the serotonin receptors (5-HT/5-hydroxytryptamine receptors) and their subtypes densely located within the brain. ![]() On the same tangent, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and lysergic acid amide are classified as indoleamine hallucinogens. In addition to psilocin, other metabolites of psilocybin include (1) 4-hydroxyindole-3-yl-acetaldehyde (4H1A), (2) 4-hydroxyindole-3-yl-acetic-acid (41-IIAA), and (3) 4-hydroxytryptophol (41-IT). Hallucinogens are generally classified into two main categories, (1) dissociative drugs, such as dextromethorphan (DXM), ketamine Salvia divinorum and Phencyclidine (PCP) and (2) classic serotonergic and dopaminergic hallucinogens that interact with serotonin and dopamine receptors, respectively.Ĭlasses of classic serotonergic and dopaminergic hallucinogens include (1) Lysergamides (amides of lysergic acid)-LSD/LAD, and ergotamine, (2) Phenethylamines such as MDMA (ecstasy), MDMA-like drugs such as p-methoxy methamphetamine (PMMA), mescaline and mescaline-derived compounds like TMA, DOM, DOET, DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine), and DOC (2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine), and (3) Tryptamines such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its derivatives alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), and psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine also known as 4-OH-DMT) and psilocybin ( dihydrogen phosphate. Hallucinations typically trigger delusions, emotional swings, feelings of detachment and derealization. Psychedelics are a class of hallucinogenic drugs (“hallucinogens”) that produce mind-altering and reality-distorting effects, known as hallucinations, once ingested. The word “psychedelic” ( psyche (i.e., the mind or soul) and delos (i.e., to show)) has Greek origin and was first coined by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond in 1956, who had been conducting research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at the time. This review will explore the potential of psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatry-related conditions, examining recent advances as well as current research. Since then, significant advances have been made in characterizing the chemical properties of psilocybin as well as its therapeutic uses. A 2004 pilot study from the University of California, Los Angeles, exploring the potential of psilocybin treatment in patients with advanced-stage cancer managed to reignite interest and significantly renewed efforts in psilocybin research, heralding a new age in exploration for psychedelic therapy. This prohibition on psychedelic drug research significantly delayed advances in medical knowledge on the therapeutic uses of agents such as psilocybin. government rescheduled psychedelics as Schedule 1 drugs, ultimately ending scientific research on psychedelics. ![]() Psychedelic use was largely associated with the “hippie” counterculture movement, which, in turn, resulted in a growing, and still lingering, negative stigmatization for psychedelics. The mushroom extract, psilocybin has historically been used as a psychedelic agent for religious and spiritual ceremonies, as well as a therapeutic option for neuropsychiatric conditions. Fungi, particularly mushrooms, are the principal source of naturally occurring psychedelics. The psychedelic effects of some plants and fungi have been known and deliberately exploited by humans for thousands of years.
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